Federal G9 Biology Notes Chapter 3 Understanding The Concepts PDF DOWNLOAD
Table of Contents
Q.1) Relate the importance of biodiversity with natural ecosystems through examples.
Answer:
Importance of biodiversity in relation to the natural ecosystem:
- Biodiversity provides food for humans.
- A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources. A wide range of industrial materials e.g building materials, fibers, dyes, resins, gums, adhesives, rubber, and oil are derived directly from plants.
- Biodiversity plays important role in making and maintaining ecosystems.
- It plays a part in regulating the chemistry of our atmosphere and water supply. Biodiversity is directly involved in recycling nutrients and providing fertile soils.
Q.2) Explain the aims and principles of classification, keeping in view its historical background.
Aims of Classification:
The branch of biology which deals with classification is called taxonomy and the branch which deals with classification and also traces the evolutionary history of organisms is known as systematics. The main aims of both these branches are;
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- To determine similarities and differences among organisms so that they can be studied easily.
- To find the evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Principles of Classification:
Classification is based on the relationship amongst organisms and such a relationship is got through similarities in characteristics. These similarities suggest that all organisms are related to one another at some point in their evolutionary histories. However, some organisms are more closely related than others. For example, sparrows are more closely related to pigeons than to insects. It means that the former two have common evolutionary histories.
When biologists classify organisms into groups and subgroups, the similarities are seen in external and internal structures and stages of development. Modern genetics Provides another type of information to taxonomists. The similarities and differences in the DNA of two studied organisms can be used for getting ideas about similarities and differences in their structures and functions.
Q.3) Explain the base for establishing five kingdoms of living organisms.
Answer:
Five kingdom classification systems:
In 1937, E-Chatton suggested the terms of, “Procariotique” to describe bacteria and “Eucariotique” to describe animal and plant cells. In 1967, Robert Whittaker introduced the five-kingdom classification system. This system is based on;
- The levels of cellular organization i.e. prokaryotic, unicellular eukaryotic and multicellular eukaryotic.
- The principal modes of nutrition i.e. photosynthesis, absorption, and ingestion.
On this basis, organisms are classified into five kingdoms: monera, protista, fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
In 1988, Margulis and Schwartz modified the five-kingdom classification of Whittaker. They considered genetics along with cellular organization and mode of nutrition in classification. They classified the organisms into the same five kingdoms as proposed by Whittaker.
Q.4) Justify why virus are excluded from the Five-Kingdom.
Status of Virus:
Viruses are at the borderline of living and nonliving. Due to their crystalline nature, they are considered as non-living. They are acellular i.e. they do not have cellular organization yet show some characters of living organisms (e.g. they possess DNA).
Viruses contain either RNA or DNA, normally encased in a protein coat. They reproduce only in living cells, where they cause a number of diseases. They are not considered as organisms and thus are not included in the five-kingdom classification system.
Q.5) Describe the aims and principles of binomial nomenclature.
Answer:
Binomial nomenclature:
Binomial nomenclature is the method of giving scientific names to living organisms. As the word “binomial” suggests, the scientific name of a species consists of two names: the first is genus name and the second one is the name of species. Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778 AD) first introduced and adopted the system of binomial nomenclature. His system spread rapidly and became popular. Many of his names are in use today.
Principles of binomial nomenclature:
Some of the rules which are universally adopted while suggesting and documenting scientific names, are:
- Scientific names are usually printed in italics, such as Homo sapiens. When handwritten they are underlined.
- The first term (generic name) always begins with capital letter, while species name is never capitalized (even when derived from a proper name).
- The scientific name is generally written in full when it is first used. But when several species from the same genus are being listed, it may then be abbreviated by just using an initial for genus; for example Escherichia coli becomes E. coli.
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Aims of binomial nomenclature:
- In biological research, common names cause many problems. Different regions have different names for the same organism. For example; common name of onion in Urdu is ‘Piyaz’ but in different regions of Pakistan it is also known as ‘ganda’ or ‘bassal’ or ‘vassal’. In other countries, it has other sets of names. In science, it is known with a single name as Allium cepa. In some cases, different organisms are called by the same common name. For example; the name ‘black bird’ is used for crow as well as for raven.
- Common names have no scientific basis. For example; a fish is a vertebrate animal wan fins and gills. But several common names of ‘The same’, ‘cray fish’, ‘jelly fish’, and ‘star fish’ do not fit the biologist’s definition of a fish.
- To avoid all these confusions, organisms are given scientific names by using binomial nomenclature. The value of this system is due to its widespread use and the stability of its names. In binomial nomenclature, every species can be unambiguously identified with just two words. The same name can be used all over the world, in all languages, avoiding difficulties of translation.
Q.6) Explain the impact of human beings on biodiversity.
Answer:
Impact of human beings on biodiversity:
By 10,000 years ago there were about 5 million people on Earth. With the advancement in agriculture and industry, human Population began to grow rapidly. Today around 700 million people live on Earth.
To improve the living conditions for 700 million humans, we are imposing serious threats to the survival of biodiversity. Habitat loss, deforestation, over-hunting, introduction or removal of species, pollution and climate change are the major causes of species extinction.
1-Deforestation:
Deforestation means cutting down of trees for the conversion of a forest to non-forest land. The destruction of significant areas of the forest has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.
Causes and effects of deforestation:
Sometimes there is slow forest degradation and sometimes sudden and catastrophic clear-cutting for urban development. Deforestation can be the result of the deliberate removal of forests for wood, agriculture, or urban development.
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- Deforestation affects the amount of water in soil and moisture in the atmosphere. When there are no trees to keep soil in place, there are more chances of soil erosion. Heavy rainfall washes soil into rivers. Essential nutrients are washed out of the soil. Rivers become choked up with mud and silt, which can cause floods. The silted water gets stored in dams and it reduces their water storage capacity. Deforestation also contributes to decreased transpiration, which lessens cloud formation. This ultimately reduces the sources of rains.
- Forests support considerable biodiversity. The utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, have played a key role in human societies. Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses and wood pulp for making paper. The forest products industry is a large part of the economy in developed and developing countries. Short-term economic gains made by conversion of forest to agriculture often leads to loss of long-term income.
- Forests extract carbon dioxide and pollutants from the air, thus contributing to biosphere stability. Forests are also valued for their aesthetic beauty and tourist attraction. These important aspects of forests are also harmed due to deforestation. In Pakistan too. deforestation is a great threat to biodiversity. In the province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the closed canopy forests are shrinking at approximately 1% per year.
2-Over-hunting:
Over-hunting has been a significant cause of the extinction of hundreds of species and the endangerment of many more such as whales, ibex, urial, markhor (the national animal of Pakistan) etc. Commercial hunting, both legal and illegal, is the principal threat.
Q.7) Identify the causes of deforestation and its effects on biodiversity.
Answer:
Deforestation:
Deforestation means cutting down trees for the conversion of a forest to non-forest land. The destruction of significant areas of the forest has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.
Causes and effects of deforestation:
Sometimes there is slow forest degradation and sometimes sudden and catastrophic clear-cutting for urban development. Deforestation can be the result of deliberate removal of forests for wood, agriculture or urban development.
- Deforestation affects the amount of water in soil and moisture in the atmosphere. When there are no trees to keep soil in place, there are more chances of soil erosion. Heavy rainfall washes soil into rivers. Essential nutrients are washed out of the soil. Rivers become choked up with mud and silt, which can cause floods. The silted water gets stored in dams and it reduces their water storage capacity. Deforestation also contributes to decreased transpiration, which lessens cloud formation. This ultimately reduces the sources of rains.
- Forests support considerable biodiversity. The utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, have played a key role in human societies. Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses and wood pulp for making paper. The forest products industry is a large part of the economy in developed and developing countries. Short-term economic gains made by conversion of forest to agriculture often leads to loss of long-term income.
- Forests extract carbon dioxide and pollutants from the air, thus contributing to biosphere stability. Forests are also valued for their aesthetic beauty and tourist attraction. These important aspects of forests are also harmed due to deforestation. In Pakistan too. deforestation is a great threat to biodiversity. In the province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the closed canopy forests are shrinking at approximately 1% per year.
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Q.8) Describe some of the programs running in Pakistan for the conservation of biodiversity.
Answer:
Following are the few programs of environmental work that has been carried out in Pakistan in order to conserve species and the associated habitats.
i. National Conservation Strategy:
In 1980’s the IUCN and the Government of Pakistan formulated the National Conservation Strategy for Pakistan for the conservation of Pakistan’s biodiversity.
ii. UN convention on Combating Desertification (CCD):
This is an international treaty against damage and poverty in dry lands. Pakistan signed this in 1997.
iii. Himalayan Jungle Project (HJP):
It started in 1991 in the Palas valley, in KPK. It aimed at protecting on of the richest areas of biodiversity in Pakistan.
iv. Conservation of biodiversity of the Suleiman Range Balochistan:
The Suleiman Range Chilghoza Forest is the largest chilghoza forest in the world. In 1992 the WWF-P started its conservation program.
v. Northern Areas Conservation Project:
The northern areas of Pakistan serve as a habitat for a number of wildlife species. The survival of these species is under threat. The NACP is a project of WWF-P which is successful in implementing a ban on hunting these species.
vi. Conservation of migratory birds in Chitral, (KPK):
Chitral lies on the migratory route of sveral important bird species. These birds face enormous hunting pressure. WWF-Pakistan initiated efforts to reduce the hunting pressure in 1992. The efforts proved successful.
vii. Conservation of Chiltan Markhor :
Hazarganji National Park is located close to Quetta and is the only remaining habitat of Chiltan Markhor in the country. WWF-Pakistan developed the management plan of the park.
viii. Ban on games:
Foreigners visit the northern areas and play many games in which bears are used. WWF-Pakistan has been successful in imposing a ban on this illegal practice.
Short Questions Biology Cass 9 Notes Federal board
Q.1) What is the difference between the modes of nutrition of fungi and animals?
Answer:
| Kingdom | Mode of nutrition |
| Fungi | It includes eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs which are absorptive in their nutritional mode e.g mushroom |
| Animalia | It includes eukaryotic multicellular consumers. The mode of nutrition is ingestive heterotroph. |
Q.2) It is difficult to use the criterion of interbreeding to define species of unicellular organisms. Why?
Answer:
The criteria of interbreeding cannot be used for species recognition in organisms who reproduce asexually and do not interbreed with one another (For example, many unicellular organisms).
Q.3) How are taxonomy and systematics related?
Answer:
Taxonomy is a branch of biology that deals with the classification and naming of organisms while Systematics deals with classification and also traces the evolutionary history and evolutionary relationship of organisms.
Q.4) Differentiate between the terms “extinct” and “endangered”.
Answer:
| Extinct species | Endangered species |
| Extinct species are the species that are no longer alive and the last individual of that species has died in that ecosystem. Examples: Dinosaur We cannot do anything to save them as they are dead. | Endangered species are the species which are in danger of becoming extinct. Examples: African wild dog, tiger, blue whale, giant panda, snow leopard etc. We can do make strategies to save them. |
Q.5) What are the contributions of Whittaker, Margulis, and Schwartz in taxonomy?
Answer:
Robert Whittaker’s contributions:
In 1967, Robert Whittaker introduced the five-kingdom classification system. This system was based on:
- The levels of cellular organization i.e. prokaryotic, unicellular eukaryotic, and multicellular eukaryotic.
- The principle modes of nutrition i.e. photosynthesis, absorption, and ingestion.
On this basis, organisms are classified into five kingdoms: monera, protista, fungi, plantae and animalia.
Margulis and Schwartz:
In 1988, Margulis and Schwartz modified the five-kingdom classification of Whittaker. They considered genetics along with cellular organization and mode of nutrition in classification. They classified the organisms into the same five kingdoms as proposed by Whittaker.
Biology Different Type Notes Please Check this
Federal Baord (FBISE) Biology Class 9th Notes CHAPTER NO 3. Biodiversity Pdf Download
Q (1): What is biodiversity? Write its importance. Ans: Biodiversity: –
Meaning: –
The term biodiversity has been derived from two Greek words.
- Bio mean life.
- Diversity mean variety within a species or among a species.
Definition: –
The different kind of organisms such as plants, animals, and microorganisms present in different ecosystems of the world is called biodiversity.
Explanation: –
There are two million organisms that have been identified. Out of these two million, 1.5 million are animals and 0.5 million are plants. In Pakistan, there are about 60000 kinds of plants and 23,000 types of animals.
Biologists estimated that today’s global biodiversity may consist of more than 100 million kinds of organisms. The biodiversity of an area depends on climate, altitude, and composition of soils, etc. Tropical regions of the earth have richer biodiversity while Polar Regions have fewer species.
Importance of biodiversity: –
I. Food for human beings:
Biodiversity provides food for humans in the form of different crops, fruits, meat, eggs, and milk, etc.
ii. Production of drugs:
Biodiversity plays a vital role in human and animal health. A wide variety of plants, animals, and fungi are used as medicine and essential vitamins. Drugs such as streptomycin and Erythromycin are derived from fungi drugs like caffeine, morphine, and quinine are produced by other plants.
iii. Industrial benefits of biodiversity:
Biodiversity plays an important role in the production of industrial materials. Building materials, fibers, dyes, resins, gums, rubber, and oil are some of the industrial materials derived from the plants.
iv Relation with the ecosystem; Biodiversity plays an important role in making and maintaining an ecosystem. It is directly involved in recycling nutrients and providing fertile soil.
Q (2): – Define classification? Explain the aims and principles of classification. Keeping in view its historical background?
Ans: – Classification:
The arrangement of organisms into groups and subgroups on the basis of their similarities and differences is called classification.
Biologists have identified or described 2 million kinds of organisms (0.5 million types of plants & 1.5 million animals)
Basis of Classification:
I. Aristotle classified organisms on the basis of habitat. For example, fish and turtles cannot be placed in one group.
ii. classification is also based on the relationship among organisms and such a relationship is got through similarities in characteristics. These similarities suggest that all organisms are related to one another at some point in their evolutionary histories.
iii. Later biologists began to classify organisms on the basis of physical characteristics. Some of the characteristics which are used to classify organisms are as follows.
• Prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell
• Unicellular or multicellular organism
• Autotrophs or Heterotrophs
iv. Modern system of classification is based not only on the morphology of organisms but the similarities and differences in the DNA of the two organisms can be used for getting ideas about their structure and function.
Aims of classification: –
I. To determine the similarities and differences among organisms. ii. It makes it easier to study the number of species.
iii. To find interrelationships among organisms.
iv. To name and place the organism in a proper place. v. to study an organism systematically.
Principles of Classification: –
Biologist follows certain principles for classification. A few of the principles are:
I. Organisms are classified on the basis of their apparent similarities such as color, height, and weight, etc.
ii. On the basis of internal structure and stages of development. iii. When they have a more homologous structure.
iv. Evolutionary history is also considered during classification.
v. Genetics and Biochemistry of the different organisms are also considered as principles for classification.
Q. (3): What is the Hierarchy of taxonomy? Discuss various categories of hierarchy.
Ans: Hierarchy of taxonomy: –
The arrangement of different organisms in their respective group is called taxa. The taxa is from a ladder called taxonomic hierarchy.
Various categories: –
All organisms are divided into five kingdoms. So, the kingdom is the largest taxon. On the basis of similarities, each kingdom is further divided into smaller taxa in the following way.
I) Species: –
A species consists of similar interbreeding organisms.
Example: Pardus.
ii) Genus: –
A genus is a group of related species.
Example: Panthera
iii) Family: –
A family is a group of related genera.
Example: Felidae
iv) Order: –
An order is a group of related families.
Example: Carnivora
v) Class: –
A group of similar order makes up a class.
Example: Mammalia
vi) Phylum: –
It is a group of related classes.
Example: Chordata
vii) Kingdom: –
The related phyla group together to form a kingdom.
Example: Animalia
Each category is called a taxon. Members of the lower tax resemble one another more than the members of a higher taxon.
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